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Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.

Quantifying Work

Quantifying Work

As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the surroundings to the system.

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

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The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.

Quantifying Heat

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...

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Nonclassicality as a Quantifiable Resource for Quantum Metrology.

Hyukjoon Kwon^1,2, Kok Chuan Tan¹, Tyler Volkoff³

¹Center for Macroscopic Quantum Control and Institute of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.

Physical Review Letters

|February 16, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce metrological power, a measure of nonclassicality, to enhance quantum metrology. A single highly nonclassical quantum state offers greater advantage than multiple less nonclassical states for sensing beyond classical limits.

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Area of Science:

Quantum physics
Quantum information science
Quantum metrology

Background:

Nonclassicality in quantum states is a key resource for quantum technologies.
Quantum Fisher information quantifies the ultimate precision achievable in parameter estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish nonclassicality of continuous-variable states as a resource for quantum metrology.
To introduce a new measure, "metrological power," quantifying nonclassicality for sensing applications.

Main Methods:

Utilizing quantum Fisher information of multimode quadratures.
Developing a resource theory for nonclassicality, analyzing its behavior under linear optical elements.

Main Results:

Introduced "metrological power" as a measure of nonclassicality with operational meaning for displacement sensitivity.
Demonstrated that a single highly nonclassical state is more advantageous than multiple moderately nonclassical states.
Showed a connection between metrological power and quantum macroscopicity.

Conclusions:

Nonclassicality is a quantifiable resource for enhancing quantum metrology.
Metrological power provides a concrete measure for assessing quantum states' sensing capabilities.
Quantum states with high nonclassicality are valuable for surpassing classical sensing limits and can be converted for phase sensitivity enhancement.