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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Accurate calibration of glassware, such as volumetric flasks, pipettes, and burettes, is essential to ensure accurate measurements in the analytical laboratory. Calibration helps maintain consistency across measurements and prevents errors arising from inaccurate volumes.
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Instrument Calibration01:12

Instrument Calibration

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Instrument calibration is essential for ensuring that instruments produce accurate and consistent results. It is vital in manufacturing, healthcare, testing laboratories, and scientific research. Calibration processes are specific to each instrument and help enhance data accuracy. Each instrument has a unique calibration process tailored to its design and function to improve data accuracy.
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials
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A Fast Calibration Method for Photonic Mixer Device Solid-State Array Lidars.

Yayu Zhai1, Ping Song2, Xiaoxiao Chen

  • 1Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Ministry of Education), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China. zyythinking@foxmail.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces improved calibration for photonic mixer device (PMD) solid-state array lidar. The new methods enhance efficiency, accuracy, and reduce human error in 3D imaging systems.

Keywords:
PMD solid-state array lidararray complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor photodetector calibrationelectrical analog delay methodmodular lens distortion correctionphotonic mixer devicepixel point adaptive interpolation

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Area of Science:

  • Optoelectronics and Photonics
  • 3D Imaging Technologies
  • Sensor Calibration

Background:

  • Photonic mixer device (PMD) solid-state array lidar offers low cost, high frame rate, and reliability for 3D imaging.
  • Traditional calibration methods suffer from low efficiency, accuracy, and significant human error.
  • Addressing these limitations is crucial for advancing PMD lidar applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel, efficient, and accurate calibration methods for PMD solid-state array lidar.
  • To mitigate the disadvantages of existing calibration techniques, particularly human error factors.
  • To improve the overall measurement accuracy and reliability of PMD lidar systems.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a black-box calibration device and electrical analog delay method for array photodetector calibration.
  • Introduced a modular lens distortion correction method using checkerboard calibration and pixel adaptive interpolation.
  • Analyzed ranging error sources and designed a dynamic distance simulation system for photodetector echo demodulation.

Main Results:

  • The proposed methods effectively reduce calibration scene requirements and human factors.
  • Achieved improved calibration efficiency and measurement accuracy for PMD lidar systems.
  • Successfully corrected external lens distortion and reduced distance image distortion.

Conclusions:

  • The novel calibration approach significantly enhances PMD solid-state array lidar performance.
  • The methods are adaptable to different user needs and improve system reliability.
  • This work contributes to more accessible and accurate 3D imaging with PMD lidar technology.