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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

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The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
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Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

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In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow....
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

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In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

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Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
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A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s

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Nitrates and N-Nitrosamines in Cheese.

J I Gray1, D M Irvine1, Y Kakuda1

  • 1Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Food Protection
|March 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nitrate use in cheesemaking may lead to N-nitrosamine formation. This review covers formation mechanisms, analytical methods, and factors influencing N-nitrosamine presence in cheese.

Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Food Safety

Background:

  • Nitrate is used in cheese manufacturing, raising concerns about potential N-nitrosamine formation.
  • Limited data previously existed on N-nitrosamines in dairy products compared to cured meats.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the formation mechanisms of N-nitrosamines in food.
  • To discuss the need for sensitive analytical methods for N-nitrosamine detection in cheese.
  • To explore factors influencing N-nitrosamine formation in cheese and identify research gaps.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on N-nitrosamine formation pathways.
  • Discussion of analytical techniques for N-nitrosamine quantification.
  • Analysis of factors affecting N-nitrosamine occurrence in cheese.

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One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates
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A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
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Main Results:

  • N-nitrosamine formation mechanisms in food are complex.
  • Development of selective and sensitive analytical methods is crucial.
  • Several factors can influence the levels of N-nitrosamines in cheese.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding N-nitrosamine formation is vital for cheese safety.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate influencing factors and mitigation strategies.
  • Appropriate analytical methods are essential for monitoring and control.