Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Electro-mechanical Systems

Electro-mechanical Systems

Electromechanical systems are intricate configurations that effectively combine electrical and mechanical elements to achieve a desired outcome. Central to many of these systems is the DC motor, a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, enabling various applications ranging from simple fans to complex robotic mechanisms.
A key component of the DC motor is the armature, a rotating circuit positioned within a magnetic field. As an electric current passes through the...

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Interface-Dominated Thermal Transport in Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub>/TiTe<sub>2</sub> Superlattices.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026

Same author

Opto-electronic simulation of silicon waveguide integrated single photon avalanche diodes.

Optics express·2026

Same author

Performance evaluation of the BactInsight simplified blood culture system developed for resource-limited settings using a simulated test design.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Photoquenching-by-Photocharging: A Single Process of Failure of Oxygen-Exposed InP/ZnSe Quantum Dots.

ACS nano·2026

Same author

Four-wave mixing simulation in weakly nonlinear Bragg gratings using the grating dispersion operator in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

Optics express·2025

Same author

Piezoelectrically actuated silicon-nitride-based high-speed spatial light modulator.

Nature communications·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of High-Q Silicon Nitride Membrane Resonators

Fabrication and Characterization of High-Q Silicon Nitride Membrane Resonators

Published on: August 8, 2025

Integrated silicon nitride electro-optic modulators with atomic layer deposited overlays.

Artur Hermans, Michiel Van Daele, Jolien Dendooven

|March 2, 2019

Summary

Researchers developed fast electro-optic modulators using silicon nitride (SiN) photonics. By depositing nonlinear crystals like zinc oxide and zinc sulfide, they achieved modulation in ring resonators, overcoming previous limitations in SiN integrated optics.

More Related Videos

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Published on: May 23, 2018

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: May 22, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of High-Q Silicon Nitride Membrane Resonators

Fabrication and Characterization of High-Q Silicon Nitride Membrane Resonators

Published on: August 8, 2025

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Published on: May 23, 2018

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: May 22, 2015

Area of Science:

Integrated photonics
Materials science
Optoelectronics

Background:

Silicon nitride (SiN) is a leading CMOS-compatible platform for integrated photonics below 1 µm wavelength.
Developing fast electro-optic (EO) modulators for SiN platforms remains a significant challenge.
Existing SiN modulators lack plasma dispersion effects found in silicon, and efficient Pockels effect modulators are undemonstrated.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate efficient electro-optic (EO) modulation in silicon nitride (SiN) integrated photonics.
To overcome the limitations of current SiN-based modulator technologies.
To enable advanced functionalities in SiN photonic circuits.

Main Methods:

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of nonlinear crystals (zinc oxide, zinc sulfide) onto SiN waveguide circuits.
Integration of ALD-grown nonlinear materials as overlays on existing SiN photonic platforms.
Fabrication and characterization of EO modulators utilizing ring resonators.

Main Results:

Successful back-end CMOS-compatible deposition of zinc oxide and zinc sulfide on SiN waveguides.
Demonstration of electro-optic (EO) modulation in SiN ring resonators using the deposited nonlinear crystals.
Overcoming the lack of plasma dispersion and Pockels effect in conventional SiN.

Conclusions:

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enables the integration of nonlinear optical materials with silicon nitride (SiN) photonics.
This approach facilitates the realization of fast electro-optic (EO) modulators in SiN.
The demonstrated technique is a significant step towards advanced SiN-based integrated optical systems.