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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Plastic Deformations

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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending01:18

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When analyzing the deformation of a symmetric prismatic member subjected to bending by equal and opposite couples, it becomes clear that as the member bends, the originally straight lines on its wider faces curve into circular arcs, with a constant radius centered at a point known as Point C. This phenomenon helps to understand the stress and strain distribution within the member more clearly.
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When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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High-speed adaptive optics using bimorph deformable x-ray mirrors.

Simon G Alcock1, Ioana-Theodora Nistea1, Vivek G Badami2

  • 1Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|March 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Piezo-electric deformable bimorph mirrors for X-ray applications can now be accurately controlled at 1 Hz. This advancement, using a new power supply, enables rapid focusing of high-intensity X-ray beams for various sample sizes.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and X-ray Science
  • Materials Science and Engineering

Background:

  • Dynamic performance of piezo-electric deformable bimorph mirrors for synchrotron radiation and X-ray free electron laser sources has been improved.
  • This innovation allows high intensity X-ray beams to be rapidly focused or defocused for sample matching or region selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend previous results by monitoring a bimorph mirror using multiple ex situ metrology instruments.
  • To validate the reliable and accurate driving of bimorph X-ray mirrors at 1 Hz.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring of a bimorph mirror using a combination of ex situ metrology instruments.
  • Comparison of results from Diamond-NOM (Nanometre Optical Metrology) slope profiler, Fizeau interferometer, and Zygo ZPS™ distance measuring probes.
  • Utilizing advanced features of the CAEN high voltage (HV), bipolar "HV-Adaptos" power supply.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated reliable and accurate driving of bimorph X-ray mirrors at 1 Hz.
  • Consistent results obtained from Diamond-NOM, Fizeau interferometer, and Zygo ZPS™ probes.
  • Successful application of advanced features in the HV-Adaptos power supply.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms that bimorph X-ray mirrors can be reliably and accurately driven at 1 Hz.
  • Advanced features of the CAEN HV-Adaptos power supply enable high-speed mirror control.
  • This capability is crucial for advanced X-ray applications requiring rapid beam manipulation.