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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Radiation Therapy and Immune Modulation.

Jonathan E Leeman1, Jonathan D Schoenfeld1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
|March 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy shows promise for cancer treatment. Clinical trials indicate this combination is safe and effective, potentially leading to abscopal effects, with ongoing research exploring future applications.

Keywords:
Abscopal effectImmune checkpoint blockadeImmunotherapyRadiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Radiotherapy possesses immunomodulatory properties.
  • Preclinical data supports combining radiotherapy with immunotherapies.
  • Concurrent administration of radiotherapy and immunotherapy generally shows acceptable toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the preclinical rationale for combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
  • To summarize current clinical data on radiotherapy and immunotherapy combinations.
  • To highlight future research directions in this therapeutic area.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies on radiotherapy and immunotherapy interactions.
  • Analysis of recent prospective clinical trial data, including the PACIFIC trial.
  • Synthesis of safety and efficacy findings in the definitive treatment setting.

Main Results:

  • Concurrent radiotherapy and immunotherapy demonstrate a favorable safety profile.
  • Clinical trials, like the PACIFIC trial, show efficacy in the definitive setting.
  • Evidence suggests potential for abscopal effects with combined treatment.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy.
  • Clinical evidence supports the safety and efficacy of this combination.
  • Further research is warranted to optimize treatment and explore novel applications.