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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity
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Increased perseverative errors following high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the

Natalia Albein-Urios1, Henry Chase2, Luke Clark3

  • 1Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.

Brain Stimulation
|March 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Inhibiting the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) causally impairs behavioural adaptation. This study shows vlPFC is crucial for learning from feedback and adjusting behavior.

Keywords:
Cathodal stimulationFeedback-related negativityHigh-definition transcranial direct current stimulationPerseverative errorsProbabilistic reversal learningVentrolateral prefrontal cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The prefrontal cortex is vital for adapting behavior based on feedback.
  • Previous neuroimaging studies suggest distinct roles for dorsomedial (dmPFC) and ventrolateral (vlPFC) prefrontal cortex in feedback monitoring and adaptation, respectively.
  • The precise causal contribution of these regions to behavioral adaptation remains to be fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal roles of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in behavioral adaptation using targeted neuromodulation.
  • To determine the specific involvement of vlPFC and dmPFC in learning and shifting behavior during a probabilistic reversal learning task (PRLT).

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-two healthy adults underwent high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to inhibit either the vlPFC or dmPFC, or received sham stimulation.
  • Participants completed a PRLT to assess behavioral adaptation.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure feedback-related negativity (FRN) as a neural correlate of feedback processing.

Main Results:

  • Inhibition of the vlPFC led to a significant increase in perseverative errors during the PRLT compared to sham and dmPFC inhibition.
  • While not statistically significant, effect sizes suggested a trend towards reduced feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitudes following vlPFC inhibition.
  • No significant effects were observed for dmPFC inhibition on perseverative errors or FRN.

Conclusions:

  • The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) plays a causal role in feedback-based behavioral adaptation.
  • These findings highlight the importance of the vlPFC for flexible, goal-directed behavior and adaptive learning.