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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Measuring Deformability and Red Cell Heterogeneity in Blood by Ektacytometry
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Quantitative Measurement and Evaluation of Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Normal Blood Based on a Modified Hanai

Jianming Wen1, Nen Wan2, Huilu Bao3

  • 1The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structures, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China. wjming@zjnu.cn.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 7, 2019
PubMed

The aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs) in normal blood (non-coagulation) has been quantitatively measured by blood pulsatile flow based on multiple-frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy. The relaxation frequencies fc under static and flowing conditions of blood pulsatile flow are utilized to evaluate the RBC aggregation quantitatively with the consideration of blood flow factors (RBC orientation, deformation, thickness of electrical double layer (EDL)). Both porcine blood and bovine blood are investigated in experiments, for the reason that porcine blood easily forms RBC aggregates, while bovine blood does not. The results show that the relaxation frequencies fc of porcine blood and bovine blood present opposite performance, which indicates that the proposed relaxation frequency fc is efficient to measure RBCs aggregation. Furthermore, the modified Hanai equation is proposed to quantitatively calculate the influence of RBCs aggregation on relaxation frequency fc. The study confirms the feasibility of a high speed, on-line RBC aggregation sensing method in extracorporeal circulation systems.

Keywords:
aggregationbloodimpedancered blood cellrelaxation frequency

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