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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model01:20

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The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, affecting drug distribution. The central compartment includes blood and highly perfused tissues with rapid drug distribution, while the peripheral compartment contains tissues with slower drug distribution. After a single IV bolus dose, the drug concentration is high in plasma and low in tissues. The drug distribution between compartments...
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Three-Compartment Open Model01:06

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The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...
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Compartment Models: Single-Compartment Model01:14

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The single-compartment model serves as a simplified representation of the human body. This model assumes that the body functions as a single, well-mixed open compartment. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the body and quickly distributes uniformly. The drug then undergoes biotransformation and elimination, ultimately leaving the body. The volume of this compartment is referred to as the apparent volume of distribution into which the drug can uniformly distribute. In this...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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A Multi-compartment CNS Neuron-glia Co-culture Microfluidic Platform
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Detecting Microglial Density With Quantitative Multi-Compartment Diffusion MRI.

Sue Y Yi1, Brian R Barnett1, Maribel Torres-Velázquez2

  • 1Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|March 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) shows promise for detecting microglial density changes in the brain. This diffusion MRI technique may improve diagnosis and monitoring of neuroinflammation in neurological diseases.

Keywords:
DWIMRINODDIdiffusion weighted imagingmicrogliamulti-compartment modelsneuroinflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neuroinflammation
  • Diffusion MRI

Background:

  • Neuroinflammation is critical in neurological and psychiatric diseases.
  • Current neuroimaging methods for detecting neuroinflammation are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the sensitivity of quantitative multi-compartment diffusion MRI, specifically NODDI, in detecting microglial density changes.
  • To correlate microglial density with orientation dispersion index (ODI) values.

Main Methods:

  • Monte Carlo simulations of water diffusion using a NODDI acquisition scheme.
  • Ex-vivo NODDI imaging of mouse brains after CSF1R inhibition withdrawal.
  • Quantitative immunofluorescence staining (Iba-1, NeuN, GFAP) and cell counting.
  • Correlation analysis between microglial density and mean ODI values using Kendall's tau.

Main Results:

  • Monte Carlo simulations confirmed ODI's sensitivity to extra-neurite space occupancy.
  • Ex-vivo NODDI imaging showed increased ODI correlating with microglial repopulation.
  • Microglial density positively correlated with ODI and hindered diffusion in the extra-neurite space (τ = 0.386, p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Clinically feasible diffusion MRI techniques like NODDI are sensitive to microglial density.
  • NODDI can detect cellular changes associated with microglial activation.
  • This technique holds potential for improving clinical diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic monitoring of neuroinflammation.