Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.

Carbon Skeletons

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...

Carbonation Shrinkage

Carbonation Shrinkage

Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin: Just over 20% of CO2 is chemically bound to...

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is critical for maintaining the body's pH balance. It operates on the equilibrium:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Effects of Circadian Period Misalignment on Odontogenesis.

Stem cells and development·2026

Same author

Canadian Professional Association Resources on Diet and Tooth Decay: Website Content Analysis.

JMIR formative research·2026

Same author

Tea tree oil in inhibiting oral cariogenic bacterial growth an in vivo study for managing dental caries.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

DIC: Deep Imputing and Clustering Single Cell RNA Sequencing Data.

IEEE transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics·2025

Same author

Inverse Regulation of TLR4 and PD-L1 Shapes the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology·2025

Same author

CETSA-MS unveils novel targets engaged by rigosertib to promote anti-tumor activity and inflammatory responses.

iScience·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

Published on: April 1, 2018

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Dental Applications.

Petros Kechagioglou^1,2, Eleftherios Andriotis³, Petros Papagerakis^4,5

¹Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. petros.kechagioglou@usask.ca.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|March 7, 2019

Summary

This study details a method for attaching proteins to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), creating PEGylated MWCNTs for safe and effective cellular drug delivery, particularly in dental applications.

Keywords:

Carbon nanotubes Dental applications Protein delivery system

More Related Videos

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Published on: April 2, 2015

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

Published on: April 1, 2018

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Published on: April 2, 2015

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Nanotechnology
Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) offer high surface area for protein loading and possess unique cellular interactions.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylation enhances MWCNT biocompatibility and hydrophilicity, improving their potential as drug carriers.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have existing applications in dentistry, including tissue repair and restorative procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a protocol for immobilizing proteins onto MWCNTs.
To describe the subsequent delivery of these protein-loaded MWCNTs into cells.
To highlight the potential of PEGylated MWCNTs as safe and efficient drug delivery systems.

Main Methods:

Protein immobilization onto MWCNT surfaces.
Characterization of the modified MWCNTs.
In vitro delivery of MWCNTs into cells.

Main Results:

Successful protein attachment to MWCNTs was achieved.
PEGylation of MWCNTs demonstrated improved biocompatibility and hydrophilicity.
The protocol facilitates the cellular delivery of functionalized MWCNTs.

Conclusions:

PEGylated MWCNTs represent a promising platform for drug delivery.
The presented protocol enables the creation of advanced nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
Further research into MWCNT applications in dentistry and beyond is warranted.