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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Polymers02:34

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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Enthalpy of Solution02:39

Enthalpy of Solution

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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Solid-phase Submonomer Synthesis of Peptoid Polymers and their Self-Assembly into Highly-Ordered Nanosheets
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Progress Report on Phase Separation in Polymer Solutions.

Fei Wang1, Patrick Altschuh1,2, Lorenz Ratke3

  • 1Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phase separation in polymeric porous media (PPM) is key to material properties. New insights reveal diffusion and hydrodynamic effects drive morphological transitions, impacting PPM performance in applications like batteries and sensors.

Keywords:
capillarityphase separationphase-fieldpolymer solutionsprincipal component analysis (PCA)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Polymeric porous media (PPM) are crucial advanced materials with applications in sound dampening, energy storage (lithium-ion batteries), flexible electronics (stretchable sensors), and filtration (biofilters).
  • The performance, longevity, and robustness of PPM are intrinsically linked to their intricate microstructural patterns.
  • Porosity formation in PPM often arises from phase separation, leading to distinct polymer-rich and polymer-poor (pore) phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively discuss phase separation in polymer solutions, focusing on the roles of diffusion and hydrodynamic effects.
  • To review novel morphological transitions in diffusion-governed phase separation.
  • To scrutinize the deterministic nature of microstructural evolution in hydrodynamically driven phase separation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of phase separation mechanisms in polymer solutions.
  • Review of morphological transitions, specifically "cluster-to-percolation" and "percolation-to-droplets" in diffusion-controlled systems.
  • Investigation of microstructural evolution under hydrodynamic influences, including solutal Marangoni forces.

Main Results:

  • Diffusion-governed phase separation exhibits asynchronous equilibration of polymer-rich and solvent-rich phases, leading to unique morphological transitions.
  • Hydrodynamically driven phase separation demonstrates deterministic microstructural evolution.
  • Interfacial-tension-gradients (solutal Marangoni forces) are identified as a key factor causing directional droplet movement and hydrodynamic instabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding phase separation dynamics, influenced by both diffusion and hydrodynamics, is critical for tailoring PPM microstructures.
  • The identified morphological transitions and deterministic behaviors offer pathways to control PPM properties for advanced applications.
  • Further research into solutal Marangoni effects can optimize the fabrication of high-performance polymeric porous materials.