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Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

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The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Extraction of Ramie Fiber in Alkali Hydrogen Peroxide System Supported by Controlled-release Alkali Source

Extraction of Ramie Fiber in Alkali Hydrogen Peroxide System Supported by Controlled-release Alkali Source

Published on: February 6, 2018

SCRaMbLE generates evolved yeasts with increased alkali tolerance.

Lu Ma^1,2, Yunxiang Li^1,2, Xinyu Chen^1,2

¹Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.

Microbial Cell Factories

|March 13, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic yeast evolved using the SCRaMbLE system showed increased alkali tolerance. Deleting the YER161C gene significantly enhanced this tolerance, offering industrial applications.

Keywords:

Alkali tolerance SCRaMbLE SPT2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Synthetic biology

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Area of Science:

Synthetic biology
Microbial genetics
Industrial biotechnology

Background:

Alkali-tolerant yeast strains are valuable for industrial applications like bioremediation and chemical production.
The synthetic chromosome recombination and modification by LoxP-mediated evolution (SCRaMbLE) system generates yeast with diverse genomic variations.

Purpose of the Study:

To generate and identify yeast strains with enhanced alkali tolerance using the SCRaMbLE system.
To understand the genetic basis of improved alkali tolerance in evolved yeast.

Main Methods:

Application of the SCRaMbLE system to synthetic yeast chromosomes (synV, synX).
Selection of alkali-tolerant strains at pH 8.0.
Analysis of genomic structural variations using PCRTag and whole genome sequencing.
Validation of gene deletions for alkali tolerance.

Main Results:

Seven yeast strains with increased alkali tolerance were successfully evolved.
Structural variations including deletions, inversions, and duplications were identified in evolved strains.
A common deletion region containing YER161C (SPT2) was found in multiple tolerant strains.
Deletion of YER161C (SPT2) was confirmed to enhance alkali tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Conclusions:

The SCRaMbLE system is an effective tool for generating yeast with enhanced alkali tolerance.
Deletion of YER161C is a key factor in improving yeast alkali tolerance.
This study provides a framework for using SCRaMbLE to engineer industrial yeast phenotypes.