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Related Concept Videos

Volume of Distribution01:20

Volume of Distribution

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The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter representing the hypothetical body fluid volume into which a drug disperses. It is calculated based on the total amount of drug in the body (estimated from the administered dose and bioavailability) divided by the plasma drug concentration. The total amount of drug in the body does not directly refer to the dose given but is derived by accounting for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes.
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Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution01:25

Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution

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The volume of distribution refers to the theoretical volume necessary to contain the entire amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the blood plasma. The body's intracellular fluid compartment, which makes up two-thirds of the total body water, is contrasted with the extracellular fluid compartment—comprising plasma and interstitial fluid—that accounts for one-third. The volume of distribution can vary depending on the characteristics of the drug.
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Power Distribution in Three-phase and Single Phase Circuits01:17

Power Distribution in Three-phase and Single Phase Circuits

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Power distribution within electrical circuits is a foundational aspect of residential and industrial energy systems. While single-phase power is common in residential settings, three-phase power is the standard for industrial environments with heavy machinery. Each system is different and has advantages, and it's crucial to understand the underlying principles of power distribution and material efficiency.
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One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution01:09

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution

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The one-compartment open model is a simplified approach used in pharmacokinetics to understand the distribution and elimination of a drug administered through an intravenous bolus. This model assumes rapid drug dispersal throughout the body and elimination using a first-order process. Key pharmacokinetic parameters, such as the elimination rate constant (k), half-life (t1/2), and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd), can be estimated from this model. The elimination rate is calculated...
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F Distribution01:19

F Distribution

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The F distribution was named after Sir Ronald Fisher, an English statistician. The F statistic is a ratio (a fraction) with two sets of degrees of freedom; one for the numerator and one for the denominator. The F distribution is derived from the Student's t distribution. The values of the F distribution are squares of the corresponding values of the t distribution. One-Way ANOVA expands the t test for comparing more than two groups. The scope of that derivation is beyond the level of this...
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Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

Constant Volume Calorimetry

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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Single-Digit Nanometer Electron-Beam Lithography with an Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
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Imaging through distributed-volume aberrations using single-shot digital holography.

Casey J Pellizzari, Mark F Spencer, Charles A Bouman

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
    |March 16, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new multiplane iterative reconstruction (MIR) algorithm effectively images through distributed-volume aberrations using single-shot digital holography. MIR outperforms existing methods in challenging anisoplanatic conditions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Computational Imaging

    Background:

    • Distributed-volume aberrations cause shift-varying point spread functions, complicating imaging.
    • Single-shot digital holography captures complex wavefront information.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and evaluate a novel algorithm, multiplane iterative reconstruction (MIR), for imaging through anisoplanatic aberrations.
    • To compare MIR's performance against existing multiplane image-sharpening techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of the multiplane iterative reconstruction (MIR) algorithm.
    • Jointly estimating anisoplanatic phase errors and speckle-free object reflectance.
    • Utilizing single-shot digital holography data.

    Main Results:

    • The MIR algorithm demonstrates superior performance in imaging through distributed-volume aberrations.
    • MIR significantly outperforms the leading multiplane image-sharpening algorithm.
    • Effectiveness validated through both numerical simulations and experimental data.

    Conclusions:

    • The MIR algorithm offers a robust solution for imaging in the presence of anisoplanatic aberrations.
    • MIR provides enhanced image quality and accuracy compared to previous methods.
    • This work advances digital holography applications in complex optical environments.