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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow
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Four-dimensional Flow MRI: Principles and Cardiovascular Applications

Arshid Azarine1, Philippe Garçon1, Audrey Stansal1

  • 1From the Departments of Medical Imaging (A.A., N.C., G.A., S.S., V.M., M.Z.), Cardiology (P.G.), and Vascular Medicine (A.S.), Saint Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014 Paris, France; and Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (D.S.).

Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
|March 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI, a cardiac MRI technique, offers detailed blood flow analysis for cardiovascular diseases. Advances enhance its clinical feasibility for diagnosing conditions like congenital heart disease and valve disorders.

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