Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Measuring Deformability and Red Cell Heterogeneity in Blood by Ektacytometry
Published on: January 12, 2018
ZZAP treatment of red blood cells
1IRL Technologist III, Immunohematology Reference Laboratory, American Red Cross Southeastern Michigan Region.
Conclusions:
ZZAP is a mixture of a sulfhydryl reagent (dithiothreitol) and a proteolytic enzyme (papain or ficin). This reagent dissociates IgG and complement from red blood cells, allowing for phenotyping, enhanced adsorption, or denaturing of multiple blood group system antigens to aid in completing complex antibody workups. ZZAP treatment destroys all antigens in the Kell, Landsteiner- Wiener, Cartwright, Dombrock, and Knops blood group systems as well as antigens destroyed by proteases (e.g., M, N, S, Fya, and Fyb).
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