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Related Concept Videos

Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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Composition of Blood01:22

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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Blood Types02:20

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Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
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The ABO Blood Group01:12

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The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
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The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
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Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time
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The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

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An update on the Knops blood group system.

Joann M Moulds1

  • 1Immunohematology Consultant.

Immunohematology
|March 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The Knops (KN) blood group system, with nine antigens, has identified the molecular basis of the York antigen (KN5 or Yka). This polymorphism is of significant interest to malaria researchers.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Hematology

Background:

  • The Knops blood group system (ISBT system 22) comprises nine antigens.
  • Previous understanding of the Knops system was detailed in a 2010 review.
  • The clinical significance in transfusion medicine has been limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on the Knops blood group system.
  • To identify the molecular basis of the York antigen (KN5/Yka).
  • To highlight research interest in the Knops polymorphism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the Knops blood group system.
  • Genetic analysis to identify the molecular basis of specific antigens.
  • Documentation of research trends and findings.

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Main Results:

  • No new antigens have been added to the Knops blood group system.
  • The molecular basis of York, KN5, or Yka has been identified as c.4223C>T.
  • This specific genetic variation is designated KN*01.-05.

Conclusions:

  • The Knops blood group system remains at nine antigens.
  • The identification of the molecular basis for KN*01.-05 provides a genetic marker.
  • The Knops polymorphism holds significant interest for researchers studying malaria, as evidenced by numerous recent studies.