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Crown Ethers02:36

Crown Ethers

6.1K
Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

29.8K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
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Cation-controlled catalysis with crown ether-containing transition metal complexes.

Changho Yoo1, Henry M Dodge, Alexander J M Miller

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3290, USA. ajmm@email.unc.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|March 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transition metal catalysts with crown ethers offer tunable reactivity by interacting with cations. This study explores crown ether-ligated catalysts, focusing on pincer-crown ether designs for enhanced catalytic control.

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Transition metal complexes with crown ethers exhibit cation-tunable reactivity.
  • Cations in the secondary coordination sphere influence substrate interaction and catalyst structure.
  • Crown ether ligands offer unique opportunities for catalyst design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review structural motifs and catalytic applications of crown ether-containing transition metal catalysts.
  • To detail the development of novel catalysts utilizing pincer-crown ether ligands.
  • To explore the synergistic effects between primary and secondary coordination spheres in catalysis.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of transition metal complexes with crown ether ligands.
  • Investigation of catalytic activity and selectivity.
  • Structural analysis of ligand-metal-cation interactions.

Main Results:

  • Crown ether incorporation enables precise control over catalyst performance through cation binding.
  • Pincer-crown ether ligands effectively bridge primary and secondary coordination spheres.
  • Demonstrated enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity influenced by the coordinated cation.

Conclusions:

  • Crown ether-containing transition metal catalysts represent a versatile platform for fine-tuning catalytic processes.
  • Pincer-crown ether ligands offer a promising strategy for developing next-generation catalysts.
  • The secondary coordination sphere plays a crucial role in modulating transition metal catalysis.