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Related Concept Videos

Scalar Product (Dot Product)01:11

Scalar Product (Dot Product)

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The scalar multiplication of two vectors is known as the scalar or dot product. As the name indicates, the scalar product of two vectors results in a number, that is, a scalar quantity. Scalar products are used to define work and energy relations. For example, the work that a force (a vector) performs on an object while causing its displacement (a vector) is defined as a scalar product of the force vector with the displacement vector.
The scalar product of two vectors is obtained by multiplying...
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Vector Product (Cross Product)01:17

Vector Product (Cross Product)

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Vector multiplication of two vectors yields a vector product, with the magnitude equal to the product of the individual vectors multiplied by the sine of the angle between both the vectors and the direction perpendicular to both the individual vectors. As there are always two directions perpendicular to a given plane, one on each side, the direction of the vector product is governed by the right-hand thumb rule.
Consider the cross product of two vectors. Imagine rotating the first vector about...
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Wood Products01:21

Wood Products

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Wood products encompass a broad range of materials crafted from wood strands, veneers, lumber, and even waste wood-like shreds, designed for both structural and nonstructural purposes. Various specialized wood products have been developed to enhance strength, durability, and versatility in building applications.
Glue-laminated wood, often referred to as glulam, combines multiple smaller pieces of dimensional lumber using adhesives to form a single, larger piece. Cross-laminated timber consists...
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Dot Product01:29

Dot Product

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The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
The dot...
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Cross Product01:25

Cross Product

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The cross product is a fundamental concept in vector algebra that is a vector operation on two different vectors to obtain a third vector. Unlike the scalar product, the cross product results in a vector quantity perpendicular to both the original vectors.
The magnitude of the cross product is obtained by multiplying the magnitude of both the vectors and the sine of the angle between them. This means that a larger angle between the vectors will lead to a greater magnitude of the cross product.
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Production and Purification of Baculovirus for Gene Therapy Application
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Mupirocin: applications and production.

Alexandra Tucaliuc1, Alexandra Cristina Blaga2, Anca Irina Galaction3

  • 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection "Cristofor Simionescu", "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.

Biotechnology Letters
|March 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mupirocin, an antibiotic effective against MRSA, faces increasing resistance. This review examines its biotechnological production, focusing on fermentation and recovery to improve antibiotic efficacy.

Keywords:
Antibiotic resistanceBiosynthesisMupirocinPseudomonic acidSeparation

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Microbiology
  • Pharmaceutical Science

Background:

  • Mupirocin is a crucial antibiotic for treating infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
  • Increasing microbial resistance to mupirocin, up to 81%, necessitates strategies for its improvement and control.
  • Current pharmaceutical efforts focus on developing novel antibiotics to combat resistant microorganisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biotechnological production of mupirocin, specifically pseudomonic acids.
  • To analyze factors influencing antibiotic yield and product recovery during biosynthesis.
  • To identify challenges and opportunities for developing improved mupirocin variants.

Main Methods:

  • Review of submerged fermentation processes for pseudomonic acid production.
  • Analysis of different Pseudomonas strains, culture media, and fermentation conditions.
  • Evaluation of product recovery techniques for enhancing final purity.

Main Results:

  • The study summarizes key considerations for the biochemical production of pseudomonic acids.
  • Analysis indicates that various Pseudomonas strains, media, and conditions impact antibiotic yield.
  • Product recovery methods are crucial for achieving desired purity levels.

Conclusions:

  • Biotechnological production of mupirocin presents opportunities for optimization.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in producing enhanced pseudomonic acid versions.
  • Developing mupirocin variants with improved antibacterial properties is essential to combat resistance.