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Related Concept Videos

Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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FDG PET in Diffuse Spinal Carcinomatous Meningitis.

Cécile Cuvilliers1, Flora Ahrweiller2, Elodie Vauléon3

  • 1From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine.

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Neuroendocrine carcinoma can spread to the meninges, causing carcinomatous meningitis. Whole-body FDG PET scans can detect this spinal canal involvement, aiding diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Medical imaging
  • Nuclear medicine

Background:

  • A 65-year-old man with advanced right paranasal sinus neuroendocrine carcinoma presented with skull base invasion and lymph node involvement.
  • The patient received initial chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy for recurrent cervical lymph node metastasis.

Observation:

  • Following radiation therapy, the patient developed walking disorders.
  • Whole-body FDG PET revealed diffuse, intense tracer uptake throughout the spinal canal.
  • MRI demonstrated meningeal contrast enhancement in the brain and spinal cord.

Findings:

  • The clinical presentation, imaging findings, and PET scan results led to the diagnosis of carcinomatous meningitis.
  • This indicates leptomeningeal carcinomatosis as a complication of neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of whole-body FDG PET in detecting leptomeningeal spread in neuroendocrine carcinoma.
  • Early diagnosis of carcinomatous meningitis is crucial for timely therapeutic intervention and management.