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Related Concept Videos

Internal Energy02:00

Internal Energy

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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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Internal Energy01:29

Internal Energy

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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:15

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in several different ways, and all of them can be shown to imply the others. The Clausius’ statement of the second law of thermodynamics is based on the irreversibility of spontaneous heat flow. It states that heat will not flow from the colder body to the hotter body unless some other process is involved. Additionally, as per the Kelvin’s statement, it is impossible to convert the heat from a single source into work without any other...
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International System of Units

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The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is based on a set of three base units considered absolute, and their values do not change with location. These base units are meters, kilograms, and seconds.
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External and Internal Respiration01:24

External and Internal Respiration

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External respiration occurs in the lungs, and it is the first step in the journey of oxygen inside the body. When we inhale, oxygen enters our lungs and diffuses across the thin alveolar membrane. The alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs that provide a vast surface area for gas exchange. Oxygen in the alveoli has a higher partial pressure (105 mmHg) than in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries (40 mmHg), establishing a pressure gradient. As a result, oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the...
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International consensus statement on robotic hepatectomy surgery in 2018.

Rong Liu1, Go Wakabayashi2, Hong-Jin Kim3

  • 1Second Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China. liurong@301hospital.com.cn.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|April 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Robotic liver surgery (robotic hepatectomy) shows promise, but its safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness require further study. This consensus provides expert recommendations to guide its development and future research.

Keywords:
Consensus statementHepatectomy resectionLaparoscopic hepatectomyMinimally invasive surgeryRobotic hepatectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Innovation
  • Medical Technology Assessment
  • Gastrointestinal Surgery

Background:

  • Robotic surgical systems are increasingly used in liver surgery (hepatectomy).
  • Significant controversies and concerns exist regarding the safety, feasibility, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of robotic hepatectomy.
  • There is a need to establish expert consensus and recommendations to guide the development of robotic hepatectomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the current status of robotic hepatectomy.
  • To generate evidence-based recommendations from expert consensus to promote the development of robotic hepatectomy.

Main Methods:

  • Adherence to the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development.
  • Establishment of a Consensus Steering Group and a Consensus Development Group.
  • Utilized the GRADE Grid method and Delphi vote for recommendation formulation, involving 60 experts and 4 meetings to discuss 22 topics.

Main Results:

  • Generated 7 recommendations focused on safety, feasibility, indications, techniques, and cost-effectiveness of robotic hepatectomy.
  • Recommendations were based on published literature and expert panel opinions.
  • Evidence supporting the recommendations was evaluated as low to very low using the GRADE method.

Conclusions:

  • Expert consensus and recommendations have been established to guide robotic hepatectomy development.
  • The current evidence base is limited, necessitating further high-quality research.
  • Future randomized-controlled trials are crucial to validate current recommendations and advance the field of robotic liver surgery.