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Related Concept Videos

Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

7.2K
When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Viscosity of Fluid01:19

Viscosity of Fluid

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Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition
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Atomic-Level Viscosity Distribution in the Hydration Layer.

Kenichi Umeda1,2,3, Kei Kobayashi1, Taketoshi Minato4

  • 1Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.

Physical Review Letters
|April 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers visualized atomic-scale viscosity in hydration layers on a calcium carbonate surface. This breakthrough in understanding solvation structures could lead to more energy-efficient devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Viscosity of solvation structures is critical for energy-efficient biofunctional and electrochemical devices.
  • Understanding subnanoscale distributions of viscosity is key to developing sustainable energy solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To visualize site-specific, three-dimensional damping distribution on a calcium carbonate surface.
  • To investigate atomic-scale viscosity within hydration layers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing ultra-low-noise frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM).
  • Employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for data interpretation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully visualized the 3D damping distribution on a CaCO3 surface with binary ion species.
  • Observed significantly high damping specifically at calcium sites.
  • Demonstrated the capability of FM-AFM to map atomic-scale viscosity in hydration layers.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a novel method for visualizing atomic-scale viscosity in solvation layers.
  • Findings are expected to accelerate the development of advanced functional devices.
  • Highlights the importance of understanding local viscosity for energy applications.