Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds

Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...

Periodic Classification of the Elements

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...

Classification of Elements and Compounds

Classification of Elements and Compounds

Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Kohlberg's theory of moral development uses the Heinz dilemma — a thought experiment in which a man, Heinz, must decide whether to steal an unaffordable drug to save his dying wife — to illustrate the evolution of moral reasoning. This framework, divided into three levels with two stages, highlights how individuals' understanding of right and wrong becomes increasingly complex.
Pre-Conventional Level
At the pre-conventional level, morality is primarily driven by personal...

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Toward autonomous robotic-assisted and microrobotic surgery.

Science advances·2026

Same author

A reporting checklist for large language models in behavioural science.

Nature human behaviour·2026

Same author

Liberals and Conservatives See Different Victims: Moral Disagreement Is Explained by Different Assumptions of Vulnerability.

Personality & social psychology bulletin·2026

Same author

Health Behaviors Are Moralized When Perceived to Cause Harm.

Personality & social psychology bulletin·2025

Same author

Stiff yet Bendy: Tubular Transmissions for Driving Surgical Robots through Flexible Endoscopes.

Journal of medical robotics research·2025

Same author

Medical needles in the hands of AI: Advancing toward autonomous robotic navigation.

Science robotics·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Published on: July 8, 2013

Holding Robots Responsible: The Elements of Machine Morality.

Yochanan E Bigman¹, Adam Waytz², Ron Alterovitz³

¹Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

|April 10, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

As robots gain autonomy, people will increasingly attribute responsibility for their actions. Judgments of robot accountability depend on factors like perceived awareness, intent, free will, human likeness, and potential for harm.

Keywords:

autonomous machines autonomy morality responsibility

More Related Videos

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots

Published on: January 13, 2023

Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

Published on: February 7, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Published on: July 8, 2013

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots

Published on: January 13, 2023

Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

Published on: February 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
Moral Psychology
Human-Robot Interaction

Background:

Increasing robot autonomy necessitates understanding human perceptions of robot responsibility.
Existing moral psychology frameworks offer insights into attributing agency and accountability.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore how increasing robot autonomy influences human judgments of responsibility for wrongdoing.
To identify key psychological factors influencing the attribution of moral responsibility to robots.

Main Methods:

Review of moral psychology principles relevant to agency and responsibility.
Conceptual analysis of factors influencing human-robot moral judgment.

Main Results:

Perceptions of robot situational awareness, intentionality, and free will are crucial for responsibility judgments.
Human likeness and the robot's capacity for harm significantly impact attributions of responsibility.
The study highlights the growing complexity of moral decision-making in human-robot interactions.

Conclusions:

As robots become more autonomous, societal views will increasingly hold them responsible for negative outcomes.
Understanding the psychological underpinnings of robot responsibility is vital for future human-robot coexistence.
Further research is needed on robot rights and ethical decision-making frameworks for autonomous systems.