Medical needles in the hands of AI: Advancing toward autonomous robotic navigation

Safely and accurately navigating needles percutaneously or endoscopically to sites deep within the body is essential for many medical procedures, from biopsies to localized drug deliveries to tumor ablations. The advent of image guidance decades ago gave physicians information about the patient's anatomy. We are now entering the era of AI (artificial intelligence) guidance, where AI can automatically analyze images, identify targets and obstacles, compute safe trajectories, and autonomously navigate a needle to a site with unprecedented accuracy and precision. We survey recent advances in the building blocks of AI guidance for medical needle deployment robots (perceiving anatomy, planning motions, perceiving instrument state, and performing motions) and discuss research opportunities to maximize the benefits of AI guidance for patient care.