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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Electromotive Force02:36

Electromotive Force

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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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Diamond Colloidal Probe Force Spectroscopy.

Peter Knittel1, Taro Yoshikawa1, Christoph E Nebel1

  • 1Fraunhofer IAF , Institute for Applied Solid State Physics , Tullastraße 72 , 79108 Freiburg , Germany.

Analytical Chemistry
|April 11, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed robust diamond-coated colloidal probes for atomic force microscopy (AFM). These probes enable reliable force spectroscopy on biological samples and under harsh conditions, overcoming contamination issues common with other materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Diamond's unique properties (transparency, thermal conductivity, robustness, chemical inertness) make it ideal for advanced applications.
  • Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) benefits from chemically inert probes for reliable measurements.
  • Contamination of probes limits measurement time and reusability, especially on biological samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for fabricating atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes using diamond-coated spheres (colloidal probes).
  • To investigate the utility of these diamond colloidal probes for force spectroscopy, including measuring mechanical properties and surface interactions.
  • To assess the performance of diamond probes under various conditions, including harsh chemical treatments and different solution environments.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of diamond-coated spheres by coating silica microspheres with nanocrystalline diamond films.
  • Attachment of diamond spheres to tipless cantilevers to create AFM probes.
  • Force spectroscopy measurements on soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to determine Young's modulus using Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) fitting.
  • Investigation of diamond-substrate interactions under varying conditions (air, different salt concentrations in solution).

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated robust diamond-coated colloidal probes.
  • Demonstrated the ability to measure Young's modulus of PDMS using the diamond probes.
  • Characterized diamond-surface interactions, including double-layer and van-der-Waals forces, under varying environmental conditions.
  • Showcased the potential for refurbishing probes using harsh chemicals due to diamond's inertness.

Conclusions:

  • The developed diamond colloidal probe technique provides a robust and reusable platform for force spectroscopy.
  • These probes offer detailed insights into surface chemistry and physics at the diamond interface.
  • Diamond probes are suitable for investigations under harsh conditions and on sensitive biological samples due to their inertness and biocompatibility.