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Related Concept Videos

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Spin coating epitaxial films.

Meagan V Kelso1, Naveen K Mahenderkar1, Qingzhi Chen2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Graduate Center for Materials Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409-1170, USA.

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|April 13, 2019
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Summary

Researchers demonstrate epitaxial inorganic films via spin coating, controlling orientation with single-crystal substrates. This method enables functional materials like semiconductors and templates for crystal growth.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Thin Film Deposition

Background:

  • Spin-coated films are typically amorphous or polycrystalline.
  • Epitaxial film growth is crucial for advanced electronic and optical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple method for depositing epitaxial inorganic films using spin coating.
  • To investigate the mechanism of epitaxial growth during spin coating.

Main Methods:

  • Spin coating solutions of inorganic materials (e.g., CsPbBr3, PbI2, ZnO, NaCl) or their precursors onto single-crystal substrates.
  • Characterizing film orientation using X-ray diffraction (out-of-plane and in-plane).
  • Analyzing the nucleation process in the stagnant layer during spin coating.

Main Results:

  • Successfully deposited epitaxial films of CsPbBr3, PbI2, ZnO, and NaCl.
  • Demonstrated substrate-controlled orientation of the spin-coated films.
  • Identified heterogeneous nucleation in the stagnant layer as the key mechanism, potentially aided by ordered anion adlayers.

Conclusions:

  • Spin coating can produce epitaxial inorganic films with substrate-controlled orientation.
  • The method is versatile, applicable to functional materials and water-soluble compounds.
  • This technique offers a simple route to high-quality crystalline films for various applications.