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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

19.7K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction02:27

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

12.1K
Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors
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Rethinking Alkylating(-Like) Agents for Solid Tumor Management.

Hélène Lajous1, Bénédicte Lelièvre2, Elodie Vauléon3

  • 1CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France; Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, B6a Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
|April 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Alkylating agents and platinum derivatives show promise in solid tumor treatment. Innovative strategies and exploring new targets can enhance their anticancer activity and overcome resistance.

Keywords:
alkylating agentscisplatinlocal treatmentnanomedicinesolid tumorssynergies

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Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Cancer-cell Proteomes Derived From Liquid and Solid Tumors
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Alkylating agents and platinum derivatives are established treatments for solid tumors.
  • Systemic toxicity and cellular resistance limit the efficacy of these traditional chemotherapeutics.
  • The critical target of these agents has traditionally been considered nuclear DNA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review innovative strategies for enhancing the efficacy of alkylating agents and platinum derivatives.
  • To explore alternative subcellular targets beyond nuclear DNA for these antineoplastic agents.
  • To re-evaluate the clinical application of these pivotal anticancer drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing and emerging strategies for alkylating agent and platinum derivative therapy.
  • Analysis of research on drug delivery systems and combination therapies.
  • Investigation into studies examining non-nuclear DNA targets and their role in cytotoxicity and resistance.

Main Results:

  • Innovative strategies like local administration, optimized dosing, and synergistic combinations show potential.
  • Smart drug delivery systems can enhance anticancer activity and mitigate toxicity.
  • Alternative subcellular targets are implicated in mediating cytotoxicity and resistance, challenging the nuclear DNA-centric view.

Conclusions:

  • Rethinking the application of alkylating agents and platinum derivatives is crucial for improving solid tumor treatment outcomes.
  • Exploring novel targets and advanced drug delivery systems can overcome current therapeutic limitations.
  • A paradigm shift towards understanding broader cellular targets may unlock greater clinical efficacy.