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Related Concept Videos

Kinetics of Drug Elimination01:17

Kinetics of Drug Elimination

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Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial for drug development, dosage determination, and optimizing patient outcomes.
Drug clearance depends on the rate of drug elimination and its plasma concentration. Another important parameter is the half-life of a drug, which is the time required for its concentration to decrease by half. In most cases, drug clearance follows first-order...
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Enhanced Elimination of Poison01:26

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

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Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...
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Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

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Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect...
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
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Elimination Reactions02:25

Elimination Reactions

16.7K
A nucleophile can react with an alkyl halide to give the substitution product by displacing the halogen. Or it can function as a base to give the elimination product by deprotonation of the neighboring carbon to form an alkene. In an elimination reaction, the substrate loses two groups from adjacent carbons forming at least one π bond. The carbon attached to the halogen is called the α carbon, while the adjacent carbon is called the β carbon; hence, these reactions are called...
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Elimination Kinetics: First-Order and Zero-Order01:05

Elimination Kinetics: First-Order and Zero-Order

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Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial for drug development, dosage determination, and optimizing patient outcomes.
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Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles
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Elimination Pathways of Nanoparticles.

Wilson Poon1,2, Yi-Nan Zhang1,2, Ben Ouyang1,2,3

  • 1Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada.

ACS Nano
|April 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-renal nanoparticle elimination is crucial for medical use. Liver nonparenchymal cells, like Kupffer cells, significantly impact nanoparticle fecal excretion, with Kupffer cell removal increasing elimination tenfold.

Keywords:
Kupffer celleliminationhepatobiliaryhepatocyteliverliver sinusoidal endothelial cellnanoparticle

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomedicine
  • Toxicology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Clinical translation of nanoparticles requires understanding their in vivo elimination pathways.
  • Large, nonbiodegradable nanoparticles (>5.5 nm) are not renally eliminated, necessitating alternative routes like hepatobiliary excretion.
  • Hepatobiliary transport of nanoparticles remains poorly understood, hindering nanomedicine development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the barriers and mechanisms governing nanoparticle elimination via the hepatobiliary route.
  • To elucidate the role of liver nonparenchymal cells in nanoparticle fate and excretion.
  • To inform the design of nanoparticles for effective in vivo clearance.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of the hepatobiliary elimination pathway: liver sinusoid, space of Disse, hepatocytes, bile ducts, and intestines.
  • Assessment of nanoparticle interactions with liver nonparenchymal cells, including Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells.
  • Quantification of fecal elimination following targeted removal of Kupffer cells.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticle interaction with liver nonparenchymal cells dictates hepatobiliary elimination fate.
  • Specific cells along the hepatobiliary route can sequester or alter nanoparticles, influencing fecal elimination.
  • Removal of Kupffer cells enhanced nanoparticle fecal elimination by over 10-fold.

Conclusions:

  • Liver nonparenchymal cells are critical determinants of nanoparticle elimination through the hepatobiliary system.
  • Understanding these cellular interactions is key to engineering nanoparticles for successful clinical applications.
  • This study contributes to a systematic view of nanoparticle elimination, guiding future nanomedicine design.