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Stress, epigenetics and depression: A systematic review.

Caroline Park1, Joshua D Rosenblat2, Elisa Brietzke3

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Childhood stress can alter DNA structure, impacting gene expression and behavior, potentially leading to depression. Epigenetic changes in specific genes offer promising therapeutic targets for depression treatment.

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BDNFChildhood maltreatmentDepressive symptomsEarly childhood adversityEnvironmental stressEpigeneticsMajor depressive disorderNRC31SLCA4

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Environmental stressors like childhood maltreatment are linked to depression.
  • Epigenetic modifications are a key mechanism mediating stressor-genome interactions.
  • These changes can lead to stable alterations in DNA structure, gene expression, and behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationship between stress-associated epigenetic changes and depression.
  • To identify specific genes and pathways implicated in stress and depression.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed/Medline from inception to February 2018.
  • Inclusion of human studies examining epigenetic changes in relation to stress and depression.
  • Analysis of identified articles for correlations between epigenetic modifications and depression.

Main Results:

  • Seventeen articles were identified in the review.
  • Stress-associated epigenetic changes in genes such as NR3C1, SLC6A4, and BDNF were correlated with depression.
  • Epigenetic alterations in glucocorticoid signaling, serotonergic signaling, and neurotrophin pathways show therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial in the link between environmental stress and depression.
  • Genes involved in glucocorticoid and serotonergic signaling, and neurotrophins are promising therapeutic targets.
  • Further research is needed to clarify inconsistent findings and control for confounding factors like psychotropic medication use.