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Related Concept Videos

Autonomic Nervous System01:22

Autonomic Nervous System

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, primarily responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It functions in tandem with the central nervous system (CNS) to seamlessly coordinate various physiological processes without the need for conscious control.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. These divisions function antagonistically to maintain a dynamic...
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Autonomic Nervous System: Overview01:26

Autonomic Nervous System: Overview

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The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerve cells, clusters of nerve cells, and the sensory receptors that are outside the CNS. The PNS has two types of nerve cells: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory cells send signals to the CNS from receptors, and motor cells carry signals from the CNS to organs, muscles, and...
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Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's...
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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants

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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Blockers01:28

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Blockers

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Ganglionic blockers inhibit autonomic activity by blocking nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, suppressing impulse transmission. These blockers lack selectivity between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and are ineffective as neuromuscular junction antagonists. They can be categorized into two groups:
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α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions01:10

α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

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Ketones with α protons are deprotonated by strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form enolate ions. The anion is stabilized by resonance, and its hybrid structure exhibits negative charges on the carbonyl oxygen and the α carbon. This ambident nucleophile can attack an electrophile via two possible sites: the carbonyl oxygen, known as O-attack, or the α carbon, known as C-attack. The nucleophilic attack via the carbanionic site is preferred. This is due to the...
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Quantitative Autonomic Testing
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Autonomic Dysfunction in α-Synucleinopathies.

José Javier Mendoza-Velásquez1,2, Juan Francisco Flores-Vázquez3,4, Evalinda Barrón-Velázquez2

  • 1Division of Health Care Sciences, Center for Clinical Research and Management Education, Dresden International University, Dresden, Germany.

Frontiers in Neurology
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

α-synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease, involve autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Early detection of these symptoms aids diagnosis and treatment for conditions like pure autonomic failure.

Keywords:
Parkinson diseaseautonomic dysfunctiondementia with Lewy bodiesdysautonomiamultiple system atrophypure autonomic failureα-synucleinopathies

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology

Background:

  • α-synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases defined by α-synuclein accumulation.
  • These diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), share autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction.
  • ANS dysfunction, presenting as constipation, sexual and urinary issues, and cardiovascular problems, significantly impacts patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of autonomic dysfunction in α-synucleinopathies.
  • To highlight the role of autonomic symptoms in early diagnosis and risk stratification.
  • To discuss pure autonomic failure (PAF) as a distinct entity and potential precursor to other α-synucleinopathies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on α-synucleinopathies and autonomic dysfunction.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and diagnostic markers.
  • Discussion of pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Autonomic dysfunction is a common feature across α-synucleinopathies, often preceding motor symptoms.
  • Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF) involves peripheral α-synuclein pathology and may precede central neurodegeneration.
  • Quantitative analysis of autonomic symptoms can aid early diagnosis and identify at-risk individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Autonomic dysfunction is a critical, often early, manifestation of α-synucleinopathies.
  • Understanding the role of α-synuclein in the peripheral and central nervous systems is key for diagnosis and treatment.
  • Early detection and management of dysautonomia can improve outcomes and potentially predict disease progression.