Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance

503
Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
503
Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

629
Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
629
Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

101.0K
Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
101.0K
Classical Conditioning01:18

Classical Conditioning

2.1K
Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs...
2.1K
Conditions of Equilibrium01:28

Conditions of Equilibrium

2.1K
Equilibrium refers to a state where a rigid body is not subjected to any translational or rotational motion. This state is achieved when the force and couple acting on a rigid body equal zero. When the system of external forces results in a net effect equivalent to zero, the rigid body is considered to be in equilibrium.
Internal forces are not considered for conditions of equilibrium because they occur in equal and opposite pairs within the body, effectively canceling each other. As a result,...
2.1K
Operant Conditioning01:21

Operant Conditioning

2.8K
Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
Reinforcement in operant conditioning can be positive or negative, both of which serve to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive...
2.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

Extreme-value signal detection theory for recognition memory: The parametric road not taken.

Psychological review·2026
Same author

Causal Markov violations and hidden mechanisms.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

The disputed role of knowledge in truth illusions: A critical test based on comparative judgments.

Cognition·2026
Same author

Examining the signal-detection account of visual working memory.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

Cognitive processes underlying the repetition-based truth effect: A diffusion model study.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

Toward the cognitive modeling of dynamic decision making.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same journal

Perception and action as one: Re-integrating research on human action through event files.

Psychological review·2026
Same journal

Associative learning explains "intuitive statistics" in animals.

Psychological review·2026
Same journal

A reciprocal model of practice and skill: Navigating between dropout and expertise.

Psychological review·2026
Same journal

The relative psychometric function: A general analysis framework for relating psychological processes.

Psychological review·2026
Same journal

A taxonomy of discriminatory behavior.

Psychological review·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.8K

Norm conflicts and conditionals.

Niels Skovgaard-Olsen1, David Kellen2, Ulrike Hahn3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Cognition and Decision Making.

Psychological Review
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores how people interpret conditional statements, finding a reasoning error in one group when evaluating "and-to-if" inferences. It highlights the importance of understanding individual differences in logical reasoning.

More Related Videos

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice
06:12

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.1K
Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice
06:57

Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.8K
Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice
06:12

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.1K
Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice
06:57

Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.3K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Philosophy of Mind
  • Logic

Background:

  • Interpreting human reasoning involves navigating competing logical norms.
  • Individual differences in understanding conditionals (if-then statements) are significant.
  • Existing theories like suppositional theory and inferentialism offer different frameworks for conditional interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate individual variations in the interpretation of conditional statements.
  • To establish profiles of participants based on case judgments and reflective attitudes.
  • To compare adherence to suppositional theory (N₁) versus inferentialism (N₂).

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a novel 'scorekeeping task' to assess reflective attitudes.
  • Analysis of participants' case judgments to identify adherence to different conditional norms.
  • Reconstruction of internally consistent competence models for participants.

Main Results:

  • An apparent reasoning error was identified in one of the two groups concerning 'and-to-if' inferences.
  • Participants' adherence to either suppositional theory or inferentialism was mapped.
  • Individual profiles revealed distinct patterns in conditional interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides empirical evidence on how individuals reason with conditionals.
  • Findings have implications for the role of normative considerations in psychological theories of reasoning.
  • Highlights the need to account for individual differences in models of logical competence.