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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

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High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
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High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.
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Most solids and liquids are incompressible—their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to restore to their original positions, which is only possible because the constituents interact. The interactions help the constituents pass on information about external disturbances, like sound waves. Therefore, sound waves travel faster through these media. Compared to solids, the constituents in a liquid are less tightly bound. Thus, sound...
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Revealing Dynamic Processes of Materials in Liquids Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
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Dynamic Synthetic Cells Based on Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation.

Nicolas Martin1

  • 1Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031, 115 Avenue du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France.

Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology
|May 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists are creating synthetic cells using liquid-liquid phase-separation (LLPS) to mimic the dynamic organization of living cells. These models show potential for complex tasks through controlled matter and energy flow.

Keywords:
compartmentalisationliquid-liquid phase separationmicrodropletssupramolecular chemistrysynthetic biologysynthetic cells

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Living cells exhibit complex functions through coordinated matter and energy fluxes.
  • Bottom-up construction of cell-like models is a growing area of research.
  • Liquid-liquid phase-separation (LLPS) offers a strategy for compartmentalization in synthetic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight dynamic properties of LLPS in assembling synthetic cells.
  • To showcase LLPS as a viable strategy for creating dynamic synthetic cells.
  • To explore recent advancements in higher-order structures and behaviors of LLPS-based synthetic cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing liquid-liquid phase-separation (LLPS) processes in aqueous environments.
  • Assembling synthetic cells through controlled phase separation.
  • Investigating dynamic properties such as biocatalysis, growth, division, and structural organization.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated biocatalytic activity within LLPS-formed synthetic cells.
  • Observed reversible condensation and dissolution of synthetic cell components.
  • Reported growth and division behaviors in these dynamic synthetic cell models.
  • Highlighted progress in designing higher-order structures and emergent behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • LLPS is a powerful strategy for building dynamic synthetic cells.
  • These models can recapitulate key cellular functions and organization principles.
  • Further research directions include developing more complex structures and behaviors for synthetic cells.