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A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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Performance of underwater quantum key distribution with polarization encoding.

Shi-Cheng Zhao, Xin-Hong Han, Ya Xiao

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
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    Secure underwater quantum communication is achievable. This study introduces a modified formula to improve quantum key distribution (QKD) performance, enabling secure communication over hundreds of meters in clear seawater.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum communication
    • Optics
    • Information security

    Background:

    • Underwater quantum key distribution (QKD) faces limitations from optical elements, background light, and detector dark counts.
    • Existing models do not fully account for detector efficiency's impact on quantum bit error rate (QBER) due to background light.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a modified QBER formula for underwater QKD that includes detector efficiency effects.
    • To realistically assess the performance of the polarization-encoded BB84 protocol in Jerlov-type seawater.
    • To analyze secure communication distance and key rates across different propagation modes.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a modified formula for QBER considering detector efficiency and background light.
    • Simulated the BB84 protocol in realistic Jerlov-type seawater conditions.
    • Calculated QBER, final key rate, and maximum secure distance for upward, downward, and horizontal propagation.

    Main Results:

    • Secure QKD is feasible in clear seawater up to hundreds of meters, even in the downward mode.
    • Optimized parameters allow for 67 kbits/s at 100m in seawater with 0.03/m attenuation at night.
    • Decoy states can further enhance practical underwater QKD performance.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed QBER formula enhances the accuracy of underwater QKD performance prediction.
    • Underwater QKD is a viable technology for secure long-distance communication in aquatic environments.
    • System parameter optimization and decoy states are crucial for practical implementation.