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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated WATER-PAM Fluorometry
Published on: March 11, 2015
DAC-less PAM-4 generation in the O-band using a silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator
Abstract:
We demonstrate 20-Gb/s 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) signal generation using a silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) in the O-band. The modulator is driven by two independent binary streams, and the PAM-4 signal is thus generated directly on the chip, avoiding the use of power-hungry digital-to-analog converters (DACs). With optimized amplitude levels of the binary signals applied to the two arms of the MZM, a pre-forward error correction (FEC) bit-error rate (BER) as low as 7.6 × 10-7 is obtained. In comparison with a commercially available LiNbO3 modulator, the penalty is only 2 dB at the KP4 FEC threshold of 2.2 × 10-4.
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