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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
A single-phase line consists of two solid cylindrical conductors, denoted as x and y. Each conductor carries phasor currents ix and iy, respectively. Given that the sum of these currents is...
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Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
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Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Loading Drosophila Nerve Terminals with Calcium Indicators
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Loading Drosophila Nerve Terminals with Calcium Indicators

Published on: July 30, 2007

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Phasing with calcium at home.

Shuaiqi Guo1, Robert Campbell1, Peter L Davies1

  • 1Protein Function Discovery Group and The Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.

Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology Communications
|May 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium anomalous dispersion phasing offers a simpler alternative to sulfur-based methods for protein structure determination. This technique, using calcium ions as anomalous scatterers, aids in automated model building for uncharacterized proteins.

Keywords:
calcium phasingcalcium-binding proteinschromium rotating anodesingle-wavelength anomalous diffraction

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • X-ray Crystallography

Background:

  • Sulfur-based single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) phasing is a primary method for de novo protein structure determination.
  • Natural metal cofactors can serve as stronger anomalous scatterers than sulfur, potentially simplifying SAD phasing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the utility of calcium anomalous dispersion phasing for protein structure determination.
  • To simplify de novo protein structure elucidation by leveraging natural metal cofactors.

Main Methods:

  • Collected low anomalous multiplicity X-ray diffraction data using a home-source diffractometer with a chromium rotating anode (λ = 2.2909 Å).
  • Applied calcium SAD phasing to four unique domains of a 1.5 MDa calcium-dependent adhesion protein.

Main Results:

  • Calcium SAD phasing was sufficient for automated model building and refinement in most cases after determining the calcium substructure.
  • The method proved effective for a large, complex calcium-dependent adhesion protein.

Conclusions:

  • Chelated calcium ions can be effectively used as anomalous scatterers for de novo protein structure determination.
  • The described data collection and processing methods have broad applicability for routine protein structure elucidation, especially for proteins containing calcium.