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Maximizing reward rate involves adjusting an urgency signal, influencing action commitment and vigor. This urgency signal, controlled by the basal ganglia, acts as an individual trait linked to decision-making, action execution, and personality.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Organisms are driven to maximize their subjective reward rate.
  • Action selection and execution are modulated by internal states and external cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a unified mechanism for reward rate maximization through an adjustable urgency signal.
  • To explore the neural underpinnings and individual variations of this urgency signal.
  • To link urgency to decision-making, action vigor, and personality traits.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing behavioral and neurophysiological data.
  • Analysis of neural projections from the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex.
  • Examination of individual differences in urgency signal modulation.

Main Results:

  • Urgency signal adjusts action commitment and execution vigor for reward maximization.
  • Basal ganglia projections to cortical regions control urgency.
  • Urgency functions as an individual trait influencing decision quality and action hastiness.

Conclusions:

  • A central urgency mechanism underlies reward rate maximization.
  • Urgency links personality traits (e.g., impulsivity) to motivation in clinical disorders (e.g., depression, Parkinson's disease).
  • Understanding urgency offers insights into decision-making and action control across health and disease.