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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Measuring the Time-Evolution of Nanoscale Materials with Stopped-Flow and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
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Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations from Lattice QCD.

Enrico Rinaldi1,2, Sergey Syritsyn1,3, Michael L Wagman4

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Neutron-antineutron oscillations offer insights into the matter-antimatter asymmetry. First-principles calculations reveal quantum chromodynamics predicts significantly more events for these oscillations than previously estimated, aiding beyond standard model searches.

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Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics and Cosmology
  • Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
  • Beyond Standard Model (BSM) Physics

Background:

  • The matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe is a key unsolved problem.
  • Neutron-antineutron oscillations are a predicted signature of baryon number violation in many BSM theories.
  • Accurate theoretical predictions are crucial for interpreting experimental searches for these oscillations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform first-principles calculations of neutron-antineutron matrix elements.
  • To connect the neutron-antineutron oscillation rate to constraints on |ΔB|=2 baryon number violation in BSM theories.
  • To compare expected experimental bounds with predictions from a postsphaleron baryogenesis model.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a state-of-the-art lattice gauge field ensemble with physical quark masses.
  • Employed nonperturbative renormalization with perturbative matching to the modified minimal subtraction scheme.
  • Accounted for excited state effects using two-state fits.

Main Results:

  • Calculated crucial neutron-antineutron matrix elements with controlled systematic uncertainties.
  • Quantum chromodynamics predicts at least an order of magnitude more events for neutron-antineutron oscillations compared to previous MIT bag model estimates.
  • Provided phenomenological implications for proposed neutron-antineutron oscillation experiments.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a more accurate theoretical prediction for neutron-antineutron oscillation signals.
  • This work strengthens the potential of low-energy experiments to probe BSM physics and baryogenesis mechanisms.
  • The findings suggest enhanced sensitivity for future experiments searching for baryon number violation.