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Bernoulli's Principle: Applications

Bernoulli's Principle: Applications

There are many devices and situations in which fluid flows at a constant height and so can be analyzed using Bernoulli's principle. These devices include, but are not limited to, entrainment devices and fluid flow measuring devices.
Entrainment devices use a high fluid speed to create low pressures and, thus, entrain one fluid into another. Some examples of these devices are given below:

Design Example: Application of Archimedes' Principle

Design Example: Application of Archimedes' Principle

Archimedes' principle is fundamental in analyzing the buoyant force and stability of floating bodies. In this example, a wooden block with a rectangular section floats in seawater. Based on the block's dimensions, its specific gravity and the specific weight of seawater are used to find the volume of water displaced and the center of buoyancy.
The volume of seawater displaced by the block is determined by first calculating the block's weight. This is done by multiplying the...

The Uncertainty Principle

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Guidelines and Experience Using Imaging Biomarker Explorer IBEX for Radiomics

Guidelines and Experience Using Imaging Biomarker Explorer IBEX for Radiomics

Published on: January 8, 2018

Radiomics: Principles and radiotherapy applications.

I Gardin¹, V Grégoire², D Gibon³

¹Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre Henri-Becquerel, France; LITIS EA4108, Normandie University, Rouen, France.

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

|May 17, 2019

Summary

Radiomics, the extraction of quantitative imaging features, shows potential in oncology for disease staging and treatment response prediction. However, challenges remain in standardizing radiomic indexes and selecting features for clinical practice.

Keywords:

Chemoradiotherapy Medical imaging Radiomics Radiotherapy

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Area of Science:

Radiology
Medical Imaging
Oncology

Background:

Radiomics involves extracting numerous quantitative features from medical images.
The robustness of radiomic indexes is influenced by various factors.
Hundreds of features can be extracted per lesion and imaging modality.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the clinical applications of radiomics in oncology.
To discuss the challenges in radiomic feature selection and analysis.

Main Methods:

Literature review of radiomics research in oncology.
Description of radiomic indexes and factors affecting their robustness.

Main Results:

Radiomics shows promise in disease staging, tissue discrimination, and predicting survival and treatment response.
Applications include identifying genetic features, predicting recurrence, and assessing side effects.

Conclusions:

Despite its potential, identifying specific radiomic features for routine clinical use remains challenging.
Further research is needed to standardize radiomic analysis and clinical implementation.