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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Production of Synthetic Nuclear Melt Glass
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Melting Line of Graphite.

A M Kondratyev1, A D Rakhel1

  • 1Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Izhorskaya 13, Bld. 2, Moscow 125412, Russia.

Physical Review Letters
|May 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study measured the melting point of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) under high pressure, finding it melts at significantly higher temperatures than previously estimated. These findings offer new insights into carbon

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • High-Pressure Physics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of carbon materials under extreme conditions is crucial for various scientific and industrial applications.
  • Previous estimations of graphite's melting point at high pressures relied on indirect measurements, leading to uncertainties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly measure the melting point and associated thermodynamic properties of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) at pressures between 0.3-2 GPa.
  • To determine the jumps in volume, resistivity, and enthalpy during the melting process.
  • To investigate the heat capacity and sound velocity of graphite and liquid carbon near the melting line.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a quasistatic heating process with electric current pulses on a HOPG sample sandwiched between window materials.

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  • Measuring thermodynamic quantities (specific volume, enthalpy, temperature, pressure) and electrical resistivity with <5% uncertainty.
  • Analyzing thermal expansion along the c-axis during heating.

    • Main Results:

    • HOPG was found to melt at temperatures of 6.3 to 6.7 kK under 0.3-2 GPa, significantly higher than literature values.
    • Determined the jumps in volume, resistivity, and enthalpy of carbon upon melting.
    • Measured isochoric heat capacity and sound velocity, noting heat capacities near the Dulong-Petit value.
    • Observed an increase in liquid carbon's sound velocity with volume, suggesting a transition from sp2 to sp3 bonding.

    Conclusions:

    • The direct measurements provide a more accurate melting curve for graphite under high pressure.
    • The observed bonding change in liquid carbon has implications for understanding carbon's behavior in planetary cores and industrial processes.
    • The data provides a comprehensive thermodynamic dataset for graphite and liquid carbon in the studied pressure-temperature range.