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Related Concept Videos

Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway02:54

Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway

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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System

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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, demonstrate an intracellular action. These hormones traverse cell membranes due to their lipid nature. Once inside the target cell, they...
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Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways01:41

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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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Pancreas01:19

Pancreas

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The pancreas, an essential organ in the human body, is a pinkish-gray elongated structure located posterior to the stomach. It extends laterally from the duodenum towards the spleen and is firmly bound to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The organ's surface has a lumpy, lobular texture that gives it a unique appearance.
The broad head of the pancreas lies within the loop formed by the duodenum, while its slender body reaches towards the spleen. The tail of the pancreas is short...
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What is the Endocrine System?00:46

What is the Endocrine System?

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The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

In Vitro Pancreas Organogenesis from Dispersed Mouse Embryonic Progenitors
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Wnt Signaling Separates the Progenitor and Endocrine Compartments during Pancreas Development.

Nadav Sharon1, Jordan Vanderhooft1, Juerg Straubhaar2

  • 1Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Cell Reports
|May 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Stem cell differentiation for type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves autonomous gene regulation. Inhibiting the WNT pathway in differentiating cells enhances the generation of crucial beta cells, improving therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
APCSingle-cell RNA sequencingWNT pathwaydiabeteshESCshuman embryonic stem cellsinsulinin vitro differentiationpancreas developmentβ cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment is limited, with cadaveric islet transplantation facing donor shortages.
  • In vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into functional beta cells offers a promising alternative.
  • Understanding autonomous gene regulation during differentiation is key to improving efficiency and control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate autonomous gene expression patterns during human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation into beta cells.
  • To identify key genetic pathways involved in islet formation.
  • To explore the role of WNT signaling in beta cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing of hESCs during differentiation in spherical clusters.
  • Analysis of gene expression profiles to identify distinct cellular compartments and pathways.
  • Experimental manipulation of WNT signaling (APC inhibition) during in vitro differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Endocrine cells and progenitors were found in separate compartments with distinct genetic pathways.
  • WNT pathway inhibition, specifically targeting APC, was identified as crucial for in vivo islet formation.
  • In vitro WNT inhibition led to a higher proportion of differentiated endocrine cells.

Conclusions:

  • Autonomous gene regulation plays a significant role in stem cell differentiation towards beta cells.
  • WNT pathway modulation, particularly APC's role, is a critical factor in directing endocrine cell fate.
  • Targeted WNT inhibition presents a viable strategy to enhance beta cell generation for T1D therapies.