Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 24, 2026

A Knowledge Graph Approach to Elucidate the Role of Organellar Pathways in Disease via Biomedical Reports
Published on: October 13, 2023
Attitudes, beliefs and knowledge related to doping in different categories of football players
Jaime Morente-Sánchez1, Thomas Zandonai2, Mikel Zabala Díaz1
1Faculty of Sport Science, Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, Spain.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to study and compare attitudes, beliefs and knowledge about doping of footballers, from elite to under-18 categories.
Design:
The descriptive exploratory design used an instrument combining a validated questionnaire (Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale: PEAS) with qualitative open-ended questions.
Methods:
A total of 1324 Spanish football players (average age 22.56 ± 5.62 years) from 88 football teams that ranged from elite to under-18 categories: Elite (ELI, n = 304), non-elite Professional (PRO, n = 308), top Amateur (AMA, n = 330), elite Under-18 (U18, n = 334) and elite Female (FEM, n = 48) composed the sample.
Results:
PEAS overall scores (range 17-102, with higher scores representing more permissive attitudes) was 34.02 ± 11.08. The overall scores for all groups analysed were: FEM: 33.75 ± 14.73; ELI: 30.61 ± 9.91; PRO: 34.23 ± 11.13; AMA: 35.05 ± 10.35; and U18: 35.93 ± 11.50. Significant differences were observed between ELI and PRO (p < 0.001), ELI and AMA (p < 0.001), and ELI and U18 (p < 0.001). 95% of participants did not know the meaning of WADA; 97.4% did not know the Prohibited List; 5% admitted having used banned substances and 23.7% knew dopers.
Conclusions:
This study showed different an important lack of knowledge about doping and an high levels of supplement use in this sample of footballers assessed. It which clearly reinforces the idea of implementing a wide educational doping prevention programme in football environment.
Related Concept Videos
Attitudes
Categories of Equilibrium
One of the categories of equilibrium is collinear equilibrium, which involves forces acting along a straight line. This type of equilibrium requires only one force equation in the direction of the forces, as the other equations are...
Drug Classes and Categories
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison
Trait and State Self-Esteem

