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Related Concept Videos

Beams01:30

Beams

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Beams are integral components of structural engineering and construction, designed to support loads applied at various points along their length. These long, straight members can be classified based on geometry, cross-section, support type, and equilibrium condition.
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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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In everyday conversation, accelerating means speeding up. Acceleration is a vector in the same direction as the change in velocity, Δv, therefore the greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Since velocity is a vector, it can change in magnitude, direction, or both. Thus acceleration is a change in speed or direction, or both. For example, if a runner traveling at 10 km/h due east slows to a stop, reverses direction, and continues their run at 10 km/h...
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Average Acceleration01:30

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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

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An online beam profiler for laser-accelerated protons.

K M Schwind1, E Aktan1, R Prasad1

  • 1Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
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A new detector offers high spatial resolution (<0.5 mm) for laser-driven proton beams, enabling detailed imaging. It also measures proton energy spectra (1-5 MeV) at multi-Hertz rates for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Plasma Physics
  • Particle Detection

Background:

  • Laser-driven proton acceleration is a rapidly developing field with applications in various scientific and industrial areas.
  • Accurate characterization of laser-driven proton beams, including their spatial distribution and energy spectrum, is crucial for optimizing acceleration processes and enabling applications.
  • Existing detection methods may lack the necessary spatial resolution, energy sensitivity, or operational speed for comprehensive beam analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and operate a novel online detector for laser-driven protons.
  • To achieve high spatial resolution (<0.5 mm) for detailed proton beam imaging.
  • To simultaneously measure the proton energy spectrum within three distinct energy bands (1-5 MeV) at a multi-Hertz recording rate.

Main Methods:

  • The detector utilizes three different scintillators to achieve energy and spatial resolution.
  • It operates online, allowing for real-time data acquisition.
  • Spatial resolution was determined to be less than 0.5 mm.
  • The detector's absolute response was calibrated using a conventional proton accelerator.

Main Results:

  • The detector successfully provides energy and spatially resolved measurements of laser-driven protons.
  • Achieved spatial resolution of <0.5 mm allows for detailed observation of proton beam characteristics.
  • The device segments particle energy into three bands between 1 MeV and 5 MeV, enabling proton energy spectrum retrieval.
  • The detector operates at a multi-Hertz recording rate, suitable for high-throughput experiments.

Conclusions:

  • The developed detector is a valuable tool for characterizing laser-driven proton beams with high precision.
  • Its capabilities in spatial resolution and energy spectroscopy open new possibilities for radiographic applications and fundamental physics studies.
  • The multi-Hertz operational rate makes it suitable for advanced experimental setups involving laser-driven particle sources.