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Inequality, Education, Workforce Preparedness, and Complex Problem Solving.

Patrick C Kyllonen1

  • 1Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ 08648, USA. pkyllonen@ets.org.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Education can reduce economic inequality by fostering complex problem solving (CPS) skills. Developing and assessing CPS is crucial for student success in the future workforce and for promoting opportunity.

Keywords:
National Assessment of Educational ProgressPISAcognitive abilitycollaborative problem solvingcomplex problem solvinggeneral abilitygeneral fluid abilityinequalityproblem solvingskills

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Area of Science:

  • Education Policy
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Economic inequality presents significant societal challenges, impacting opportunity, health, and democracy.
  • Education is posited as a key mechanism for mitigating inequality, acting as a societal "great equalizer."
  • Complex problem solving (CPS) skills are vital for navigating real-world challenges and are highly valued in the modern workforce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review definitions and measurement approaches for complex problem solving (CPS).
  • To analyze findings related to CPS from international assessments like PISA.
  • To discuss the future of teaching, assessing, and reporting on CPS, including collaborative problem solving.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CPS definitions and assessment methodologies.
  • Analysis of data from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003, 2012, and 2015.
  • Discussion of pedagogical strategies and reporting frameworks for CPS.

Main Results:

  • CPS skills are increasingly recognized as essential for workforce readiness.
  • International assessments highlight the importance and variability of CPS skills among students.
  • Collaborative problem solving is an emerging area of focus in skill development.

Conclusions:

  • Developing and monitoring CPS skills is critical for preparing students for future employment.
  • Enhancing CPS abilities can help counteract the negative impacts of economic inequality.
  • Educational strategies must adapt to effectively teach and assess these crucial higher-order thinking skills.