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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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The Periodic Table03:25

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As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). All of these elements are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However,...
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Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
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Lanthanides in Methylotrophy.

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Lanthanides, once thought inert, significantly impact microbial metabolism. This research reveals their widespread biological roles and potential for biotechnology and metal recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Lanthanides were historically considered biologically inert due to low solubility.
  • Emerging research indicates significant metabolic impacts of lanthanides on methylotrophic bacteria.
  • Lanthanide-dependent enzymes are increasingly identified in various metabolic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the broad biological roles and impacts of lanthanide metabolism.
  • To explore the influence of lanthanide chemistry on microbial ecosystems and functions.
  • To assess the biotechnological potential of lanthanide-dependent processes and metal recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of novel lanthanide-dependent enzymes and pathways.
  • Analysis of lanthanide impacts on transcriptional regulatory networks.
  • Investigation of microbial community interactions influenced by lanthanides.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated far-reaching impacts of lanthanide metabolism in biology.
  • Discovered lanthanide-dependent enzymes in both methylotrophic and non-methylotrophic organisms.
  • Highlighted the widespread nature of lanthanide biochemistry beyond initial assumptions.

Conclusions:

  • Lanthanide biochemistry is more pervasive than previously understood, affecting diverse metabolic functions.
  • Understanding lanthanide-dependent enzymes is crucial for numerous ecosystems.
  • These findings have profound implications for biotechnology, microbial communities, and critical metal recovery.