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How perceptual ambiguity affects response inhibition processes.

Nico Adelhöfer1, Witold X Chmielewski1, Christian Beste1

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Summary

Response inhibition relies on more than just cognitive control; bottom-up perceptual factors significantly impact performance, especially with ambiguous stimuli. Our novel task reveals how stimulus processing and decision-making interact during inhibitory control.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Inhibitory control is crucial for goal-directed behavior, traditionally viewed through a top-down cognitive control lens.
  • Emerging research highlights the influence of bottom-up perceptual factors on response inhibition.
  • Previous studies often used unambiguous stimuli, limiting the investigation of perceptual ambiguity's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel Go/No-go task employing ambiguous Gabor patches to study perceptual ambiguity during response inhibition.
  • To investigate the neurophysiological underpinnings of inhibitory control under perceptual ambiguity using EEG.
  • To elucidate the interplay between stimulus processing, decision-making, and response control.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel Gabor patch Go/No-go task with induced perceptual ambiguity.
  • Utilized electroencephalography (EEG) recordings for high temporal resolution.
  • Applied temporal EEG signal decomposition and source localization analyses.

Main Results:

  • Perceptual similarity between Go and No-go trials significantly impaired response inhibition.
  • EEG analysis indicated that impaired inhibition resulted from modulated stimulus-response transition or decision processes, not solely stimulus processing.
  • A prefrontal P2 (pP2) component, linked to superior and middle prefrontal regions (BA8), was identified as reflecting action execution decisions based on stimulus information.
  • Failure in these prefrontal processes led to misinterpreting execution cues as inhibition cues.
  • Successful inhibition under ambiguity also depended on 'what-decisions' (BA19), closely tied to action specification and response programming.

Conclusions:

  • Bottom-up perceptual processes are integral to top-down controlled response inhibition, particularly when stimuli are ambiguous.
  • The study reveals specific neurophysiological subprocesses and functional neuroanatomy involved in inhibitory control with ambiguous input.
  • Stimulus processing is tightly coupled with response programming, informing response control even when stimulus identity is uncertain.