Crystal Chemistry and Antibacterial Properties of Cupriferous Hydroxyapatite

Copper-doped hydroxyapatite (HA) of nominal composition Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆[Cu_x(OH)_2-2xO_x] (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) was prepared by solid-state and wet chemical processing to explore the impact of the synthesis route and mode of crystal chemical incorporation of copper on the antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains. Apatites prepared by solid-state reaction showed unit cell volume dilation from 527.17 ų for copper-free HA to 533.31 ų for material of the putative composition Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆[Cu_0.8(OH)_0.4O_0.8] consistent with Cu⁺ insertion into the [001] hydroxyapatite channel. This was less pronounced (528.30 ų to 529.3 ų) in the corresponding wet chemical synthesised products, suggesting less complete Cu tunnel incorporation and partial tenancy of Cu in place of calcium. X-ray absorption spectroscopy suggests fast quenching is necessary to prevent oxidation of Cu⁺ to Cu²⁺. Raman spectroscopy revealed an absorption band at 630 cm^-1 characteristic of symmetric O-Cu⁺-O units tenanted in the apatite channel while solid-state ³¹P magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) supported a vacancy-Cu⁺ substitution model within the apatite channel. The copper doping strategy increases antibacterial efficiency by 25% to 55% compared to undoped HA, with the finer particle sizes and greater specific surface areas of the wet chemical material demonstrating superior efficacy.