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Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...

Nucleic Acid Structure

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and have instructions for its functioning. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and the organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Kinetic Screening of Nuclease Activity using Nucleic Acid Probes

Kinetic Screening of Nuclease Activity using Nucleic Acid Probes

Published on: November 1, 2019

Nucleic Acid Platform Technologies.

Cold Spring Harbor Protocols

|June 7, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microarray experiments analyze RNA levels using labeled nucleic acids that bind to complementary spots on a substrate. This process quantifies gene expression across various biological samples.

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Kinetic Screening of Nuclease Activity using Nucleic Acid Probes

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genomics
Biotechnology

Background:

Microarray technology is a cornerstone of genomic research.
Understanding the fundamental steps of microarray experiments is crucial for data interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the standardized procedure for conducting microarray experiments.
To provide a foundational understanding of microarray technology and its applications.

Main Methods:

Arraying nucleotide spots onto substrates like glass slides or silicon chips.
Labeling complex nucleic acid populations with fluorescent dyes.
Hybridizing labeled nucleic acids to complementary spots and quantifying the signal.

Main Results:

Quantification of hybridized labels allows for the determination of RNA levels.
Analysis of raw data provides a readout of gene expression profiles.
Microarray experiments enable the study of complex biological systems.

Conclusions:

The described four-step process (spotting, labeling, hybridizing, quantifying) is fundamental to all microarray experiments.
Microarray analysis is a powerful tool for understanding gene expression and has diverse applications.