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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

3-D Cell Culture System for Studying Invasion and Evaluating Therapeutics in Bladder Cancer
Published on: September 13, 2018
[Aftercare of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer]
G B Schulz1, B Schlenker2, C G Stief2
1Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland. gerald.schulz@med.uni-muenchen.de.
Abstract:
Tumor follow-up in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a weighing up between the morbidity associated with invasive diagnostics and the risk of tumor recurrence and especially progression. The risk stratification into low, intermediate, and high-risk tumors enables a risk-adapted follow-up. For individual estimation of the risk of progression and recurrence, risk calculators should be used. Follow-up is still based on cystoscopy, which is recommended lifelong for high and intermediate-risk tumors and for up to 5 tumor-free years for low-risk tumors. Urine cytology has a high sensitivity and specificity for high-risk tumors and is recommended in the follow-up care. There is currently no recommendation for any commercially available urinary marker due to inadequate evidence. For the clarification of synchronous and metachronous tumors of the upper urinary tract computed tomography (CT) urography or alternatively magnetic resonance (MR) urography is recommended.
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