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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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RNA-seq03:21

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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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RNA-Seq Analysis of Differential Gene Expression in Electroporated Chick Embryonic Spinal Cord
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RNA-Seq-Based Gene Expression Pattern and Morphological Alterations in Chick Thymus during Postnatal Development.

Zhouyiyuan Xue1, Abdur Rahman Ansari2, Xing Zhao1

  • 1Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.

International Journal of Genomics
|June 11, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The chicken thymus undergoes significant atrophy and gene expression changes after birth, particularly by week 27. These alterations in the immune organ are linked to cytokine-cytokine receptor and cell cycle signaling pathways.

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Targeted RNA Sequencing Assay to Characterize Gene Expression and Genomic Alterations
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Avian Biology

Background:

  • The thymus is crucial for T cell development and immune function.
  • Postnatal changes in avian thymus biomolecular and transcriptional dynamics are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the gene expression patterns and transcriptional dynamics of the chicken thymus during postnatal development.
  • To identify key signaling pathways involved in thymus development and atrophy in chickens.

Main Methods:

  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to analyze gene expression in chicken thymuses at multiple developmental stages (weeks 0, 1, 5, 9, 18, and 27).
  • Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for specific genes (PCNA, CCNA2, CCNB2, CDK1).

Main Results:

  • Significant changes in gene expression were observed, with 744 upregulated and 425 downregulated genes identified.
  • The study revealed severe thymus atrophy and structural damage, particularly by the 27th week of age.
  • Key signaling pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and cell cycle pathways, showed significant alterations.

Conclusions:

  • Postnatal development in chickens is characterized by significant thymus atrophy and dramatic changes in gene expression.
  • Altered cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and cell cycle signaling pathways are likely involved in postnatal chicken thymus development and involution.