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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

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Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Microfluidically mediated atom-transfer radical polymerization.

Chengtao Zhang1, Luxiang Wang1, Dianzeng Jia1

  • 1Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China. yanjunfeng1001@163.com dzj@xju.edu.cn.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|June 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created polymer brush gradients on surfaces using microfluidic atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). This method precisely controls polymer grafting density for advanced material applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Surface modification is crucial for tailoring material properties.
  • Controlled polymer grafting enables advanced functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for fabricating surfaces with controlled polymer brush gradients.
  • To investigate the microfluidic control over gradient formation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of polymer brush gradients using microfluidically mediated atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
  • Utilized a sealed, sandwiched setup for localized polymerization.
  • Controlled gradient formation via solution injection rate and monomer/catalysis concentration.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated surfaces with a controlled gradient of polymer brushes.
  • Demonstrated spontaneous formation of gradient structures through localized polymerization.
  • Achieved tunable gradient profiles by adjusting microfluidic parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Microfluidic ATRP provides a precise and controllable method for creating polymer brush gradients.
  • This technique offers a pathway to engineer complex surface architectures for diverse applications.