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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Facilitated Transport01:19

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

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Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes
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Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes

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Brain iron transport.

Zhong-Ming Qian1,2, Ya Ke3

  • 1Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
|June 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain iron accumulation contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding brain iron transport is critical for developing treatments for conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Keywords:
astrocyteblood-brain barrier (BBB)blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB)brain ironiron uptake and releasemicroglianeuronoligodendrocyte

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Brain iron is essential for normal function but excess iron causes oxidative damage.
  • Abnormally high brain iron levels are linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease.
  • The precise reasons for increased iron in specific brain regions remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize current knowledge on brain iron transport mechanisms.
  • To highlight iron transport across the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and within various brain cell types.
  • To identify gaps in understanding and provide insights into the causes of abnormal brain iron accumulation in neurodegenerative disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing studies on brain iron transport.
  • Focus on mechanisms of iron transport across endothelial cell membranes (apical and basal).
  • Examination of iron uptake and release in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of iron transport across the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
  • Summary of cellular mechanisms for iron handling by key brain cell types.
  • Identification of critical knowledge gaps in brain iron homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of brain iron transport is vital for neurodegenerative disease research.
  • Further research is needed to address gaps in understanding iron homeostasis and its dysregulation.
  • Insights gained can inform the development of targeted pharmacological interventions for neurodegenerative conditions.